“‘What was the Prophet’s personality?’ ‘He was a Quran who walked among us.'” This incisive description, well-known in the Muslim world, underpins the entirety of Islamic pedagogy; that is, the process of educating individuals who conform to the Qur’anic model. This work will first analyze the evolution of pedagogy in the Islamic world, through a commentary on classical treatises and an overview of educational institutions (kuttab, madrasas, and universities). After an analysis of the decline of Islamic thought and a brief historical perspective, modern Islamic pedagogy—especially that of a reformist nature—will be presented in the second part of the book, along with an original theoretical framework that connects theological sources to modern developmental psychology, laying the foundations for an Islamic philosophy of development.